Spatial transcriptomic profiling of human saphenous vein grafts reveals molecular remodeling and smooth muscle cell phenotypic transition during early neointima proliferation

Vein graft failure is driven by early neointima l proliferation involving vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. To elucidate the spatial and transcriptional landscape of this process, we performed spatial transcriptomic profiling of ex vivo cultured human saphenous vein segments at baseline (Day 0) and after 7 days in organ culture. Integration of spatial gene expression with histological features revealed distinct zones of VSMC transdifferentiation, inflammatory activation, and extracellular matrix reorganization. This dataset provides a resource for investigating molecular mechanisms underlying early human vein graft adaptation and neointimal proliferation.