Delineation of a thrombin receptor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell transition to a plaque-stabilising fibrous cap-associated state

Aims: Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) accumulate in atherosclerotic plaques and exhibit remarkable phenotypic plasticity, contributing to both plaque growth and stability. The plaque-stabilising fibrous cap is rich in VSMC-derived cells, yet the cellular transitions and regulatory mechanisms governing fibrous cap formation remain unclear. We aimed to delineate the VSMC phenotypic transitions associated with this critical process. Methods and Results: Mapping of lineage-traced VSMCs during plaque development revealed investment of VSMCs prior to fibrous cap formation. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiles of lineage-traced VSMCs from atherosclerotic and acutely injured mouse arteries, we identified a disease-specific VSMC state co-expressing contractile genes with extracellular matrix (ECM) components (including fibrillar collagens and elastin) and NOTCH3, which are associated with fibrous cap formation. Computational trajectory analysis predicted that this proposed fibrous cap-related VSMC (fcVSMC) state arises from a previously described plastic, intermediate VSMC population expressing SCA1 and VCAM1. Clonal analysis further showed that NOTCH3+ fcVSMCs derive from intermediate VSMCs in both atherosclerosis and an acute vascular injury model, suggesting a conserved disease-relevant mechanism. The fcVSMCs were enriched in plaque fibrous caps compared to lesion cores, consistent with a role in fibrous cap formation. By combining scRNA-seq trajectory analysis and spatial transcriptomics of human atherosclerotic plaques, we identified protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) as a candidate regulator of fcVSMC generation. PAR1 was expressed by VSMCs in human plaque fibrous caps and, functionally, PAR1 activation by thrombin induced expression of contractile genes and ECM components associated with the fcVSMC state in cultured human VSMCs. Conclusions: Our findings identify a VSMC transition linked to fibrous cap formation in atherosclerosis and show this is modelled by vascular injury. We identify VSMC-expressed PAR1 as a potential therapeutic target for promoting plaque stability by driving the transition to the matrix-producing, fibrous cap-associated VSMC state.